{"id":1499,"date":"2019-01-23T19:19:05","date_gmt":"2019-01-23T19:19:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/roshd.com\/?p=1499"},"modified":"2026-06-07T12:13:33","modified_gmt":"2026-06-07T08:43:33","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%8a%d9%86-%da%af%d9%88%d9%86%d9%87-%da%af%d9%81%d8%aa%d9%87-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%af","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/roshd.com\/fa\/%d8%a7%d9%8a%d9%86-%da%af%d9%88%d9%86%d9%87-%da%af%d9%81%d8%aa%d9%87-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%af\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f …"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc<\/strong><\/h1>

\u062a\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u062a \u064a\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0622\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0634\u0627\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u062a \u0627\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0633\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/p>

\u062f\u06a9\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u06a9\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a (1932- 2007)<\/p>

\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u06a9 \u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0644\u0645<\/p>

\u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062e\u0648\u062f 100 \u0686\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0648\u06cc \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0622\u0646\u0686\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0633\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u067e\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0648 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u00ad\u06af\u0648\u064a\u062f:<\/p>

\u00a0\u201c\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u064a\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u06af\u0641\u062a\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u062f\u064a\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u064a\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u0651 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0627\u0648 (\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f) \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064a\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.\u201d[1]<\/a><\/p>

\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0648\u064f\u0631\u064d\u062b \u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a (1794- 1884)<\/p>

\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0622\u06a9\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f<\/p>

\u00a0\u201c\u2026 \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u06a9 \u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631 \u0648 \u064a\u06a9 \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0648 \u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u06cc \u0633\u067e\u0627\u0647. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u067e\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u062e \u0648 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635\u060c \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0634 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0622\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061b \u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a. \u201d [2]<\/a><\/p>

\u00a0 \u0648\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0646\u06af\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646\u06af (1783- 1859)<\/p>

\u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a\u06a9\u0627<\/p>

\u00a0\u201c\u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u063a\u0630\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0647\u064a\u0686 \u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u064a\u06a9 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u063a\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0648 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u064a\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0628\u0648\u062f ..<\/p>

\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0634 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0648 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u062f. \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0647\u060c \u062b\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0642\u0648\u06cc \u0648 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0634 \u0635\u062d\u0628\u062a\u06cc \u0648 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u06af\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0648 \u06af\u0648\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f.<\/p>

\u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u062c \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0637 \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0648 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u060c \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u062a\u00a0 \u0645\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u064a\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u062a\u06a9\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645\u00a0 \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u062f. \u201d[3]<\/a><\/p>

\u062f\u064a\u0648\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0647\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0631\u062b (1862- 1927)<\/p>

\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0646\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u064a\u0633\u06cc<\/p>

\u00a0\u201c\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0648 (\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f) \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u062a\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0647 \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u06af\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0648 \u0647\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u064a\u0631\u0648 \u0622\u0646 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u0647\u064a\u0686 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0686 \u064a\u06a9 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0648 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u062a \u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u067e\u064a\u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u064a\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0645\u0646\u0634 \u0648 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0647 \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u062a \u0627\u064a\u0646 \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0639\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u067e\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u062f. \u201c[4]<\/a><\/p>

\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u06af\u0648\u0645\u0631\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u062a (1909- 2006)<\/p>

\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062e \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0635 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u06cc (\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631\u06af)<\/p>

\u00a0\u201c\u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0648 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u064a\u0686 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0627\u067e\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u0648 \u0642\u0647\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u0628\u0648\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u062c\u0627\u064a\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>

\u0647\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u062d\u064a\u0631\u062a \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u201d [5]<\/a><\/p>

\u00a0\u201c\u0622\u0645\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0627\u0648 (\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f) \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u06a9\u0646\u062c\u0647 \u0648 \u0622\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0630\u064a\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0634\u060c \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u062a \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062a\u06a9\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648 \u0639\u0638\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0648\u060c \u0647\u0645\u06af\u06cc \u0631\u064a\u0634\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u062a \u0648 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u06a9 \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0686 \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.\u201d[6]<\/a><\/p>

\u0622\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f\u061f<\/p>

\u0628\u0631\u0686\u0633\u0628\u200c\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0648\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0645 (\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647)<\/a> – \u0627\u064a\u0646 \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f<\/a> – \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u062e\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646<\/a><\/p>

\u067e\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u0647\u0627:<\/h2>

[1]<\/a> Michael H. Hart, \u201cThe 100: A Ranking of The Most Influential Persons In History\u201d, New York, 1978, p. 33<\/p>

[2]<\/a> Reverend Bosworth Smith, \u201cMohammed and Mohammedanism\u201d, London, 1874, p. 235<\/p>

[3]<\/a> William Montgomery Watt, \u201cLife of Mahomet, London\u201d, 1889, pp. 192-3, 199<\/p>

[4]<\/a> David George Hogarth, \u201cArabia\u201d, Oxford, 1922, p. 52<\/p>

[5]<\/a>William Montgomery Watt, \u201cMuhammad Prophet and Statesman\u201d (1960), Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp 236 and 237<\/p>

[6]<\/a> William Montgomery Watt, \u201cMohammad At Mecca\u201d, Oxford, 1953, p. 52<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u062a\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u200c\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 (\u0635) \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634\u0645\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0638\u0645\u062a \u0648 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0645 (\u0635) \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":36408,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[28495],"tags":[64867,12148,64868],"class_list":["post-1499","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-28495","tag-64867","tag-12148","tag-64868"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f ... - Roshd<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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